8. xarray繪圖 (1)：繪製1D資料#
能開啟資料、進行資料分析和統計後，接著要用清晰的圖示來表現計算的結果。而用xarray繪圖非常簡單，將計算的結果儲存成DataArray和Dataset後，有內建的plot method可以運用。各種繪圖的方法總結如下，並且可以點進連結查詢各引數之詳細說明。
單變數資料： xarray.DataArray.plot
1D - 時序圖、折線圖 (Line plot)
xarray.DataArray.plot.line。1D - 直方圖 (Histogram)
xarray.DataArray.plot.hist。1D - 階梯圖 (Step plot)
xarray.DataArray.plot.step。2D - 等值色階圖 (網狀方格)
xarray.DataArray.plot.pcolormesh。2D - 等值色階圖
xarray.DataArray.plot.contourf。2D - 等值線圖
xarray.DataArray.plot.contour。2D - 等值面圖 (繪製在3維空間上)
xarray.DataArray.plot.surface。3D、4D - 將以上的圖組合在一起，稱為Facet Grid Object，在以上的函數中可以利用
row、col等引數來設定。
多變數資料： xarray.Dataset.plot
散布圖 (scatter plot) 由於是評估兩變數之間的關係，因此兩變數也要存成Dataset來繪製
xarray.Dataset.plot.scatter。風場 (Quiver plot)
xarray.Dataset.plot.quiver。流線 (Streamplot)
xarray.Dataset.plot.streamplot。
xarray的函數都包裝了matplotlib的繪圖功能，因此只要是matplotlib使用到的引數，在xarray.plot的方法中也都可以引用 (即**kwargs – Additional keyword arguments to wrapped Matplotlib function.)。
繪製時序圖 (time series)#
利用 xarray.DataArray.plot.line就可以直接繪製，xarray官網上就有很清楚的範例。不過在這單元我們會補充一些進階用法。
Fill-between#
Example 1: 繪製台灣－北南海區域 (18˚-24N, 116˚-126˚E) 降雨的候時間序列，其中以灰色的陰影代表氣候上的最大、最小值，粗黑線代表氣候上的中位數。
import xarray as xr
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib as mpl
from matplotlib import ticker
mpl.rcParams['figure.dpi'] = 100
lats = 18
latn = 24
lon1 = 116
lon2 = 126
ys = 1998
ye = 2020
plt.rcParams.update({'font.size': 14})
def daily_to_pentad(data):
ptd = xr.DataArray(dims=['year','pentad'],
coords=dict(year=range(ys,ye+1,1),
pentad=range(1,74,1),
name='precip')
)
for yy in ptd.year:
for p in ptd.pentad:
ptd.loc[yy,p] = data[ int((yy-1998)*365+ (p-1)*5) : int((yy-1998)*365+ (p-1)*5 + 4) ].sum()
return(ptd)
pcp_ds = xr.open_dataset('data/cmorph_sample.nc')
pcp = pcp_ds.sel(time=slice('1998-01-01','2020-12-31'),lat=slice(lats,latn),lon=slice(lon1,lon2)).cmorph
pcp_ptd = daily_to_pentad(pcp.mean(axis=(1,2)))
pcp_max = pcp_ptd.max(axis=0)
pcp_min = pcp_ptd.min(axis=0)
pcp_med = pcp_ptd.median(axis=0)
/Users/waynetsai/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ecmwflibs/__init__.py:83: UserWarning: dlopen(/Users/waynetsai/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ecmwflibs/_ecmwflibs.cpython-310-darwin.so, 0x0002): tried: '/Users/waynetsai/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ecmwflibs/_ecmwflibs.cpython-310-darwin.so' (mach-o file, but is an incompatible architecture (have 'x86_64', need 'arm64')), '/System/Volumes/Preboot/Cryptexes/OS/Users/waynetsai/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ecmwflibs/_ecmwflibs.cpython-310-darwin.so' (no such file), '/Users/waynetsai/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ecmwflibs/_ecmwflibs.cpython-310-darwin.so' (mach-o file, but is an incompatible architecture (have 'x86_64', need 'arm64'))
warnings.warn(str(e))
對pcp_max、pcp_med、pcp_min做plot.line()，會得到三條線。那如何將最大最小值的範圍塗色呢？這時我們可以利用matplotlib.axes.Axes.fill_between：
Axes.fill_between(x, y1, y2, **kwargs)
給定x軸的值，以及y1, y2 (即塗色的範圍，在本範例中就是pcp_max和pcp_min)，就可以達成。
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize=(8,4))
maxl = pcp_max.plot.line(color='black',linestyle='--',
x='pentad', xlim=(1,73), ylim=(0,200),
ax=ax)
minl = pcp_min.plot.line(color='black',linestyle='--',
x='pentad', xlim=(1,73), ylim=(0,200),
ax=ax)
medl = pcp_med.plot.line(color='black',linestyle='-', linewidth=3,
x='pentad', xlim=(1,73), ylim=(0,200),
ax=ax)
ax.fill_between(pcp_ptd.pentad, pcp_max, pcp_min, color='silver')
ax.set_xticks(range(1,75,5))
ax.set_xlabel('Pentad')
# Set minor ticks
minor_locator = ticker.IndexLocator(base=1, offset=0)
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(minor_locator)
ax.set_ylabel('Pentad accumulative rainfall (mm)')
ax.set_title(" ")
plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.1,bottom=0.15,top=0.8,right=0.9)
plt.show()
Exercise
試著加上任一年份的折線在上圖中，並以藍色粗線來表示。
Twin axes#
有時候一張圖上會畫兩種不同的變數，而這兩種變數的量值相差很大時，就需要用twin axis設定兩個不同的y軸 (或x軸)。我們看以下澳洲季風時間序列圖的例子。
Example 2: 繪製澳洲季風指標時間序列： 以Hung and Yanai (2004)的澳洲季風指標為例。
Step 1: 讀入850-hPa緯向風場 (zonal wind) 和OLR資料，選擇時空範圍。
import xarray as xr
import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams.update({'font.size': 16})
# 設定經緯度範圍。
lats = -15
latn = -2
lon1 = 110
lon2 = 150
plev = 850
# Read data
uds = xr.open_mfdataset( ['data/ncep_r2_uv850/u850.2019.nc', 'data/ncep_r2_uv850/u850.2020.nc'],
combine = "nested",
concat_dim='time',
parallel=True
)
u = uds.sel(time=slice('2019-11-01','2020-03-31'),
level=850,
lat=slice(latn,lats),
lon=slice(lon1,lon2)).uwnd
with xr.open_dataset("data/olr.nc") as olrds:
olr = olrds.sel(time=slice('2019-11-01','2020-03-31'),
lat=slice(lats,latn),
lon=slice(lon1,lon2)).olr
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
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HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
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HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
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#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
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#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitRoundNumberOfSignificantBits'
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HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
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#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
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#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
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HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
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#005: H5Oattribute.c line 494 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't locate attribute: '_QuantizeBitRoundNumberOfSignificantBits'
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HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
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#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
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major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
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#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
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#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
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#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
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#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
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minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
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#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
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major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
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#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
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#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
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#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
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HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
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#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
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#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
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#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
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#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
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major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
HDF5-DIAG: Error detected in HDF5 (1.12.2) thread 0:
#000: H5A.c line 528 in H5Aopen_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#001: H5VLcallback.c line 1091 in H5VL_attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#002: H5VLcallback.c line 1058 in H5VL__attr_open(): attribute open failed
major: Virtual Object Layer
minor: Can't open object
#003: H5VLnative_attr.c line 130 in H5VL__native_attr_open(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#004: H5Aint.c line 545 in H5A__open_by_name(): unable to load attribute info from object header
major: Attribute
minor: Unable to initialize object
#005: H5Oattribute.c line 476 in H5O__attr_open_by_name(): can't open attribute
major: Attribute
minor: Can't open object
#006: H5Adense.c line 394 in H5A__dense_open(): can't locate attribute in name index
major: Attribute
minor: Object not found
Step 2: 分析與計算，即按照Hung and Yanai (2004) 的定義計算風場和OLR的季風指標，將2˚-15˚S, 110˚-130˚E範圍進行平均。
# 進行空間平均。
u_yh04 = u.sel(lat=slice(-2,-15), lon=slice(115,150)).mean(axis=(1,2))
olr_yh04 = olr.sel(lat=slice(-15,-2), lon=slice(115,150)).mean(axis=(1,2))
Step 3: 將風場和OLR指標繪製時序圖。然而OLR和風的數值差異很大，所以需要設定兩個繪圖空間ax1和ax2，其中繪圖空間ax1畫850-hPa緯向風，繪圖空間ax2畫OLR，ax1和ax2共用x軸，y軸顯示的方式則是風在左側、OLR在右側。兩個繪圖空間共用x軸可以用matplotlib.axes.Axes.twinx()來設定。
# 繪圖
fig, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,6)) # 開啟fig畫布，以及繪圖空間ax1。
# Duplicate the axes with a different y axis and the same x axis
ax2 = ax1.twinx()
# 加入 Uyh04 = 2 m/s 橫線，為YH04指標的門檻。
ax1.axhline(y=2,linewidth=1,color='gray')
xticks = pd.date_range("2019-11-01", periods=16, freq="10D")
# 時序圖繪製：ax1是風指標的繪圖空間，ax2是OLR指標的繪圖空間，要在xarray.plot.line的ax引數中指定。
u_yh04_plot = u_yh04.plot.line(u_yh04, color='blue',
x='time',xlim=(xticks[0],xticks[-1]),xticks=xticks,
ylim=(-10,16) ,ax=ax1)
olr_plot = olr_yh04.plot.line(olr_yh04,color='red',
x='time',xlim=(xticks[0],xticks[-1]),xticks=xticks,
ylim=(160,270),ax=ax2)
# 設定x、y軸名稱、顏色。
ax1.set_ylabel("850-hPa U", color='black')
ax2.set_ylabel("OLR" , color='red' )
ax1.set_xlabel("Time") # ax2 has no property control over x axis
# 設定y軸數值。
ax1.set_yticks(range(-10,18,2))
ax2.set_yticks(range(160,280,10))
ax1.tick_params(axis='y', colors='black')
ax2.tick_params(axis='y', colors='red' )
ax2.yaxis.label.set_color('red')
# set x ticks
ax1.set_xticks(xticks)
ax1.set_title('Australian Summer Monsoon Indices')
plt.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.25)
plt.show()
